In the UAE, Sheikh refers primarily to members of the ruling families — Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (ruler of Dubai), Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan (President and ruler of Abu Dhabi). These are not ceremonial titles; they carry executive authority. The word also designates a religious scholar or Islamic jurist. In some Gulf dialects, an older man of any background may be addressed as sheikh out of respect. Using the title for someone who doesn't hold it is presumptuous; knowing who does hold it is basic orientation.